Dark Echoes from Titan
Summary (Nov 02, 2004): Looking at radar reflections of Titan, scientists are puzzled by what they see: is the surface dotted with black pools or two different materials, one light, the other dark. Connecting these dots will depend on overlaying the visual with more bouncing radio waves.

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Dark Echoes from Titan

based on NASA/JPL release

Scientists puzzle over images to correlate to the banner radar image. Click image for larger view. Image Credit: NASA/JPL

The first radar images of Saturn's moon Titan show a very complex geological surface that may be relatively young. Previously, Titan's surface was hidden behind a veil of thick haze.

"Unveiling Titan is like reading a mystery novel," said Dr. Charles Elachi, director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., and team leader for the radar instrument on Cassini. "Each time you flip the page you learn something new, but you don't know the whole story until you've read the whole book. The story of Titan is unfolding right before our eyes, and what we are seeing is intriguing."

The Oct. 26 flyby marked the first time Cassini's imaging radar was used to observe Titan. The radar instrument works by bouncing radio signals off Titan's surface and timing their return. This is similar to timing the returning echo of your voice across a canyon to tell how wide the canyon is. Radio waves can penetrate the thick veil of haze surrounding Titan.

Approximately 1 percent of Titan's surface was mapped during the Oct. 26 flyby. Radar images from Titan's northern hemisphere, a region that has not yet been imaged optically, show great detail and features down to 300 meters (984 feet) across. A wide variety of geologic terrain types can be seen. There are bright areas that correspond to rougher terrains and darker areas that are thought to be smoother. The interconnected dark spots are consistent with a very smooth or highly absorbing solid, or could conceivably be liquid.

"In the two days since this flyby, our understanding of Titan has grown tremendously," said Dr. Jonathan Lunine, Cassini interdisciplinary scientist, University of Arizona, Tucson. "Titan is a dynamic place with complex geologic processes that may be shaping its surface. Its surface may well be covered with organic materials, but we still don't know how much of the surface is liquid or solid. The fact that we have seen few craters tells us that Titan's surface is young."

Microwave brightness of Titan reveals surface properties such as temperature composition and roughness. Image Credit: NASA/JPL

The radar images show a world brimming with features that are dark and white, indicating sharp contrast. One area (banner image) dubbed "Si-Si" or the "Halloween cat" because it is shaped like a cat's head is very dark and relatively smooth. That leads scientists to speculate that it might be a lake of some sort, but they caution that it is too soon to know for sure.

"With the radar in its active mode, it is like shouting at Titan and listening for the echoes," said Dr. Ralph Lorenz, Cassini radar team member, University of Arizona, Tucson. "But we can also just listen with the sensitive radar receiver, the radiometry. The radiometry data shows early indications of the composition of the surface materials. One interpretation of what it is telling us is that Titan is a place covered with organics."

The optical imaging cameras on Cassini show streaks on the surface. The streaking may be caused by movement of a material over the surface by wind, flowing hydrocarbon liquids, or a moving ice sheet like a glacier. Imaging scientists are also seeing multiple haze layers in Titan's atmosphere that extend some 500 kilometers (310 miles) above the surface. At the surface Titan's atmosphere is about four times denser than Earth's.

With a remarkable flyby and complicated set of spacecraft gymnastics, Cassini will try its luck with Titan again on Dec. 13, 2004. The European Space Agency's Huygens probe will detach from Cassini on Christmas Eve and descend through Titan's dense atmosphere on Jan. 14, 2005.

"It's as if we were building a puzzle without the top of the box," said Lunine. "It will be necessary to piece together the clues provided by Cassini and Huygens over the next few years. Sometimes we'll be wrong and we'll need to take the pieces apart and reassemble them again until finally, a complete picture of the nature and evolution of Titan pops into view," said Lunine.

Jonathan Lunine of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona Image Credit: space.com

The image (left) shows Titan data from the passive radiometer mode of Cassini's radar instrument overlaid onto a visible-light image mosaic from the spacecraft's imaging science subsystem. The contours and colors show Titan's radiation at microwave wavelengths (about two centimeters or 0.79 inch), while the light and dark shading is from the optical image. This microwave radiation comes directly from Titan itself, rather than being a reflection from the Sun as detected in visible-light images.

The microwave brightness reveals surface properties such as temperature composition and roughness. The brightness decreases when the angle of the surface is tilted from the viewer, causing the edges of Titan's disc to look dark relative to the center even though they are probably at the same temperature. Since the variations in brightness are likely larger than variations in physical temperature, they are probably due to compositional or structural properties of the surface.

There is a significant correlation between areas that are bright in the microwave and dark in the optical, and vice versa. Comparison of data sets will help determine the causes of these variations.

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Related Web Pages

Cassini
Saturn Edition, Astrobiology Magaz.
Saturn's Rings in UV
Cassini Closes In on Saturn
Saturn-- JPL Cassini Main Page
Lord of the Rings
Space Science Institute, Imaging Team Boulder, Colorado
Saturn: The Closest Pass
Prebiotic Laboratory
Planet Wannabe
Where is Cassini Now?

Note: Images

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